Analysis and international comparison of selected labour standards
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New Zealand today is a settler society. Until far into the 20th century all immigrants had to travel to their new home by ship. Until steamers were used, a journey would take more than three months. Immigration was often irreversible, a step that determined the rest the rest of the migrants' lives. The settlers left their home, went on a journey and sail to a place they had only heard of from an immigration agent, who would praise the destination as a promised land. The immigration entailed many steps and bore the weight of many expectations. This essay asks what is told through migrants' diaries which they kept aboard their ships. To what extent did the migrants perceive the farewell, the journey and the arrival as a transformation?

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Cynicism has become a common state of mind in today's society. A cynic is defined by the Oxford Learner's dictionary as 'a person who believes that people do not do things for good, sincere or noble reasons' (Oxford Learner's, 1989). The roots of cynicism lead back to the ancient Greeks, where cynicism was a school of thought and way of life. In the early times, cynics were accepted as progressive and serious and took part in philosophical debates. When philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle became more famous and increased their followers' base, the cynics ceased to exist as a school of thought. A short revival took place during the third century in Rome, showing that cynicism seems to thrive whenever corruption is an issue. The word cynicism itself might have originated from the Greek expression for dog, kyon, which is why cynics were frequently called the disciples of the dog. The most famous Greek cynic was Diogenes of Sinope, a student of Antisthenes. He became famous for carrying a light around during bright daylight, in order to find one honest man (Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar, 1998). This act very well describes the way cynics think: A cynic is overly critical to any type of organization, believing that the individual is the natural unit of human life and therefore expecting others to behave in their self interest and opposing any institution, such as churches or even the government. Today, cynicism is less of a philosophical issue but more a term associated with negative meanings and a way to mock the ones in power through sarcasm. Cynicism should not be confused with scepticism, though, which is a form of healthy, critical thinking, while cynics are generally in doubt of anything that humans claim to do. The big difference is that sceptics are open to change, while cynics aren't. One might expect too much cynicism to cause an organization to malfunction. This makes the following question an important issue for organizational design: How are the structures of today's organizations related to organizational cynicism and what can organizations do to cope with it? In answering this broad problem statement, the paper will deal with the following sub questions:

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Analysis and international comparison of selected labour standards: Diploma Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 2,3 (B), University of Paderborn (International Economic Relations), language: English, abstract: We view workers as trying to find the best possible job and assume that most firms are tryingto make money. Workers and firms, therefore, enter the labour market with different objectives- workers are often trying to sell their labour at the highest price, whereas firms are often trying to buy labour at the lowest cost. But this relationship between workers and firms involves much more than the exchange of a worker`s labour service for the payment of an hourly or monthly wage. Labour standards that guarantee appropriate working conditions and various forms of insurances1 which protect workers are also provided as part of the employment relationship in most countries.2 As a result of this, the employment relationship, which is one of the most fundamental relationships in our lives, attracts a good deal of legislative attention. Wages and other terms of employment are not determined solely through market dealings between workers and employers. The types of economic exchanges that can occur between workers and firms are often limited by the set of basic rules that the government has enacted to regulate transactions in the labour market. Therefore, three leading actors are in the labour market: workers, represented by labour unions, firms and the government. Labour standards, which can be defined as `norms and rules that govern working conditions and industrial relations`3, should cover most workers and workplaces, and represent the minimum labour rights to which employees are entitled-a ground floor below which employers cannot go. They include issues such as the minimum wage, maximum hours of work, overtime pay, maternity leave, statutory holidays-in essence, an array of labour laws that allow workers to better balance work and family, protect their personal time, and earn a decent living under reasonable conditions. In recognition of the fact that the relationship between a worker and an employer is not always an equal one, labour standards represent a collective agreement society negotiates on behalf of all workers.4 [...] 1 These insurances include, for example, unemployment, health care, and retirement income insurances (pensions). 2 According to Ronald G. Ehrenberg (1994), p. 5 3 According to the OECD (1996b), p. 25 4 `It is easier for an employer to replace recalcitrant workers than for employees to `replace` a recalcitrant employer, especially when unemployment is high` (Stiglitz, 2001). Englisch, Ebook.

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